IN FORCE Sector notices ·?

Black Pepper

Reliability

In force — no superseding record on file.

Document text

BLACK PEPPER Editors: Praveena R, Srinivasan V, Dinesh R, Senthilkumar C M, Aarthi R, Nirmal Babu K Publisher: Director ICAR- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode Black Pepper– Good Agricultural Practices September 2019 Contact: ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673 012 E-mail: mail@spices.res.in Phone: 0495-2731410 Printed at : Papyrus Printers, Kozhikode–673004 Cover Page : A. Sudhakaran For further details : www.spices.res.in, ICAR-IISR Black pepper mobile app

01 Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm produc- tion and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while consideringeconomic, social and environmental sustainabil- addressing environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm production and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricul- and practices will help guide debate on national policies and actions and on the prepara- ! " ! ! ! # ! $ % ture and Development and with effective input use, are one of the best ways to increase && '!

$ % ture and Development and with effective input use, are one of the best ways to increase && '! products, also has environmental and social dimensions. & ! '!! products and it helps to reduce the risk of non-compliance with national and interna- tional regulations, standards and guidelines set by Codex Alimentarius Commission, (!) * +& % tion IPPC regarding permitted pesticides, maximum levels of contaminants food and non-food agricultural products, as well as other chemical, microbiological and physical / & contributes to meeting national and international environment and social development objectives.Its social dimension would be to protect the agricultural workers’ health from improper use of chemicals and pesticides. It is a particularly opportune time to promote 8 ! ! 8 8 & + * *& )8 & ! ' ! 8 challenge with governments and public agencies playing a facilitating role.

*& )8 & ! ' ! 8 challenge with governments and public agencies playing a facilitating role.

02 ;" Piper nigrum <= ! spices in the world and the spicy property is attributed to the presence of the chemical substance piperine. Black pepper a perennial vine grown for its berries which is extensively used as spice and in medicine.

India is one of the major producer, consumer and exporter of black pepper in the world and the spice is cultivated to a large extent in Kerala, Karnataka #> ? / > Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Kerala and Karnataka account for a major portion of production of black pepper in the country.

!8	8		!

source of irrigation water and meteorological data need to be available with the farm management before starting black pepper cultivation. ;" ! ' ! % ity. It grows successfully between 20° North and South latitudes, and up to 1500 & & # !& GHJHGo C and the ideal temperature is around 28o+# ! & ! 75–80%. A well distributed annual rainfall of 1250–2000 mm is considered ideal for black pepper. Black pepper can be grown in a wide range of soils with a )!QQTQ & 8 U ! & !

8 ! " & ? ? ! ! ! & WQ & ! " pepper are being cultivated in India. Karimunda is the most popular cultivar in Kerala.


&	X$

X >" + X ( > "" X & X " "";X&> X / Y X" X & ; ?

* !'X ZW[\ !8 ZQW\] & & !" SITE SELECTION GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR BLACK PEPPER SEEDS AND PROPAGATION MATERIAL Climate and soil

& ! & # Z %Z %H Panniyur-8 are hybrids evolved at the Pepper Research Station, Panniyur X Y& **$^**$^/]? two hybrids released from ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala. SREEKARA IISR SHAKTHI IISR GIRIMUNDA IISR MALABAR EXCEL IISR THEVAM PANNIYUR 1

**$^/]? two hybrids released from ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala. SREEKARA IISR SHAKTHI IISR GIRIMUNDA IISR MALABAR EXCEL IISR THEVAM PANNIYUR 1

04 Table 1. Improved varieties of black pepper and their characteristic features

Variety Pedigree Mean yield (dry) (kg/ha) Dry recovery (%) Quality attributes Features

Piperine (%) Oleoresin (%) Essential oil (%)

Kerala Agriculture University (KAU), PRS, Panniyur, Kerala

Panniyur -1 Hybrid, Uthirankotta × Cheriyakaniakadan 1242 35.3 5.3 11.8 3.5 High yielding, not suited to heavily shaded areas Panniyur -2 Selection (Cul. 141) from cv. Balancotta 2570 35.7 6.6 10.9

Shade tolerant Panniyur -3 Hybrid (Cul. 331), Uthirankotta × Cheriyakaniakadan 1953 27.8 5.2 12.7

Late maturing Panniyur -4 Selection from Kuthiravally Type 1277 34.7

9.2 Stable yielder Panniyur -5 Open pollinated progeny selection from Perumkodi
1098

5.5 12.3 3.8 Tolerant to shade Panniyur -6 Clonal selection from Karimunda 2127 32.9 4.9 8.3 1.3 Suited to all black pepper tracts Panniyur -7 Open pollinated progeny selection from Kuthiravally 1410 33.6 5.6 10.6 1.5 Suited to all black pepper tracts Panniyur -8 Hybrid (HB 20052), Panniyur 6 × Panniyur 5 1365 39.0 5.7 12.2 1.2 High yielding, eld tolerant to Phytophthora foot rot and drought

Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala

Subhakara Selection from Karimunda (KS-27) 2352 35.5 3.4 12.4 6.0

ng, eld tolerant to Phytophthora foot rot and drought

Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala

Subhakara Selection from Karimunda (KS-27) 2352 35.5 3.4 12.4 6.0 Suited to all black pepper tracts Sreekara
Selection from Karimunda (KS-14) 2677 35.0 5.3 13.0 7.0 Suited to all black pepper tracts Panchami
Selection from Aimpiriyan (Coll. 856) 2828 34.0 4.7 12.5 3.4 Late maturing Pournami
Selection from Ottaplackal (Coll. 812) 2333 31.0 4.1 13.8 3.4 Tolerant to root knot nematode PLD -2
Clonal selection from Kottanadan 2475

3.3 15.5 3.5 Suited to Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam districts of Kerala IISR Shakthi Open pollinated progeny of Perambramundi 2253 43.0 3.3 10.2 3.7 Tolerant to Phytophthora foot rot. IISR Thevam Clonal selection of Thevamundi 2481 32.0 1.65 8.15 3.1 Tolerant to Phytophthora foot rot; Suited to high altitudes and plains IISR Girimunda Hybrid, Narayakodi x Neelamundi 2880 32.0 2.2 9.65 3.4 Suited to high altitudes IISR Malabar Excel Hybrid, Cholamundi x Panniyur-1 1440 32.0 4.95 14.6 4.1 Suited to high altitudes; Rich in oleoresin

odi x Neelamundi 2880 32.0 2.2 9.65 3.4 Suited to high altitudes IISR Malabar Excel Hybrid, Cholamundi x Panniyur-1 1440 32.0 4.95 14.6 4.1 Suited to high altitudes; Rich in oleoresin

05 ;" & ! Z climbing shoot with long internodes having adventitious roots at nodes which cling _`G^ 8 ! ! vine and creep on the ground, have long internodes which strike roots at each node H + ! though terminal shoots can also be used. Cuttings from lateral branches develop a ^ ! # ! & ! seedlings will not be genetically uniform.

Runner shoots from high yielding and healthy vines are kept coiled on 8 ? ! & & ! 8 "# ! & %/ ! & !G%H 8 ? ! G=Z=Z ' & ! ' # ! planting during May-June.

! G=Z=Z ' & ! ' # ! planting during May-June. $ ' !! !" !! & * 8 sheet or shade net, rooted black pepper cuttings are planted in polythene bags holding about 500 g potting mixture, which will serve as mother plants. As the plant grows and ! 8 G{|Z{ 8 ? " # " ? 8 ? 8 ! ? 8 ! ^8! " 8! # !" ? polythene bags at every node junction to induce rooting at each node is repeated. In Z{ZG ! 8 & profusely and will be ready for harvest. Each node with the polythene bag is cut just 8 # ? 8 ? ! 8 # 8 88 " 8 ! G%H ; & T{ cuttings can be harvested per mother plant in a year.

8 88 " 8 ! G%H ; & T{ cuttings can be harvested per mother plant in a year.

06 & WQ=GQ 8 Trichoderma!Z{7!_ !Z{_" medium for black pepper nursery for healthy planting material production using plug-trays compared to conventional multiplication.

' *&& multiplication of black pepper runners in a 8 " & WQ=GQ !& ZQ 8 Z{ & # & and strike roots at every node. After 45-60 days, leaving the terminal 5 nodes, about 15-20 node rooted runner is cut into single node rooted cuttings and transferred to % ! WQ | WQ | Z{{ 8 % ? } & WQ=GQ 8 Tricho- derma].

sferred to % ! WQ | WQ | Z{{ 8 % ? } & WQ=GQ 8 Tricho- derma]. Better rooting and establishment is recorded under humidity controlled GWGo+8 # ! Q%T{ JQ ! ! # cuttings are then transferred to shade net/ naturally ventilated green house for

QJT{) " ! planting after 120-150 days. & ! !' & 8 % # ' && 8 & G {H ! ! 8 8 # 8 & H=Z! 8 % Trichoderma harzianum8 & vertical column can be effectively utilized for the production of three types of planting material i.e., single node 8 ! ! & & !! ! and laterals or plagiotropic shoots which can be used for production of bush pepper.

% ! GQJG[+ & WQJ[{\8 & ! & ] & # allowed to trail on the column ensuring that each node comes in contact with the *" ! & ! ! column. At this stage each vine will have around 20 nodes with few lateral branches ZGJZQ # QJW 8 ! Soil-less nursery mixture

	!
					8

especially with respect to heavy metals and pesticide residues contents need to be recorded.

''	!			!

be recorded. *! & ZQ{ Z{JZQ Z{ #8 be accommodated in a poly house size of 320 m2. In a year, three harvesting cycles # ! ! % " 8 !! eastern slopes are preferred to save the vines from scorching sun during summer. ( ! /% ! such as Erythrina spp., Garuga pinnata, Grevillea robusta& " ! Alianthus malabarica/ !Q{|Q{|Q{

8 8# !H|H 8 8 ZZZ{ # " & ! 8 ! height. When E. indica and G. pinnata are used, the primary stems are cut in March/April and stacked in shade till the stems start sprouting in May.

!
	!88

' ! 8 reasonable time frame. ; ' ! ! crop supplemented with mineral nutrition through inorganic source need to be applied. Application of mineral supplements must be based on complete soil analysis in a competent laboratory. Specialized nutritional application for distinct needs viz., root production or ! ! " ' ! crop. In order to optimize water usage and to reduce wastage of water irrigation manage- ment plan need to be prepared for the crop. ]! ! & 8 ! whole cropping season and to reduce the water usage. SOIL CONDITIONS/MANAGEMENT

CROP MANAGEMENT FOR CULTIVATION

& 8 ! whole cropping season and to reduce the water usage. SOIL CONDITIONS/MANAGEMENT

CROP MANAGEMENT FOR CULTIVATION

08 Records need to be maintained for irrigation schedules, fertigation application and 8 ' Depending on the nature and stage of the crop, inter-cultivation practices need to be adopted to reduce the incidence of weeds.
Comprehensive package of pest and disease management schedules including ' ! ' In order to reduce pesticide residue in produce, correct dose of pesticides, time of application and mode of application need to be ensured and recorded correctly. Use of bio control agents and bio pesticides is preferred and plans for this should be available.

Pits of 50 cm3 at a distance of 30 cm away from the base, on the north, eastern ! " 8 !# 8 ? !! Q"_ZQ{" phosphate. Neem cake @ 1 kg enriched with Trichoderma harzianum @ 50 g also may also be mixed with the mixture at the time of planting. With the onset of monsoon, 2-3 rooted cuttings of black pepper are planted individually in the pits.

Trichoderma harzianum @ 50 g also may also be mixed with the mixture at the time of planting. With the onset of monsoon, 2-3 rooted cuttings of black pepper are planted individually in the pits.

8 ! ' # & ! & shade. Regulation of shade by lopping the branches of standards is necessary not only for providing optimum light to the vines but also for enabling the standards to 8 # ! & &ot damage. < 8 $ ]? & 8 ! ! 8& crops like Calapogonium mucunoides and Mimosa invisa are also recommended under West Coast conditions as an effective soil cover to prevent soil erosion during rainy season. During summer the cover crops dry up leaving thick organic mulch.

Manuring and fertilizer application is critical for proper establishment and growth of plants. Application of lime or dolomite @ 500 g/vine in April-May during in the form of cattle manure or compost can be given @ 10 kg/vine during May. Neem cake @ 1 kg/vine can also be applied.

in the form of cattle manure or compost can be given @ 10 kg/vine during May. Neem cake @ 1 kg/vine can also be applied.

09 ^ " !" & H & =>XQ{=Q{=ZQ{_& _ % ! 8 8% # ! & ! 8

				!	!&	&	!>X

& # G # ! 8 /% %$ ! # ! !H{ & and covered with a thick layer of soil. Care should be taken to avoid direct contact of fertilizers with roots of black pepper. When biofertilizers like Azospirillum is applied @ 50 g/vine, the recommended nitrogen dose may be reduced by half. In ! ! {GQ\ 8 /% $ % ! G{{_& & ! ? " Q _<8 8 !8 &!

Rooted lateral branches grown as bushes are known as bush pepper. Bush 8 ; green pepper throughout the year and the fresh yield per bush can be up to 1 kg after 3 years of planting. ! Table 2. Soil test based fertilizer recommendations for dry yield target levels

een pepper throughout the year and the fresh yield per bush can be up to 1 kg after 3 years of planting. ! Table 2. Soil test based fertilizer recommendations for dry yield target levels

10 !**$^;?!! 8 ^ }Micrococcus luteus ;^; H }Enterobacter aerogenes;^;ZH}Micrococcus;^;GH " ! 8 G{ of talc formulation is mixed in one litre of water and is applied at the rate of 250 mL & !Z{{< & Z "!! ? 8 Z{{"!! 8 % 8 !Z" & * 8 /% $ % " *" & / ZQth to May 15th fortnightly interval enhances productivity by 90 to 100% compared to unirrigated crop. Vines are irrigated at the basin through hose and 50 litres per vine is recom- ZQ & # { & !ZZ%ZQ H{ !& 8 Q%Z{ # "8 ! ! " {\ 8 in rain fed crop only around 60% of spikes emerge in July and may extend till September.

# "8 ! ! " {\ 8 in rain fed crop only around 60% of spikes emerge in July and may extend till September. Spike length will be comparatively more in irrigated crop. & ! 8 ! experts and to follow IPM strategies for sustainable production. " ! cropping season. Proper precautions should be taken while spraying chemicals to avoid contamina- tion beyond the application area. ! 8! natural water bodies, drinking water sources, human dwellings etc. It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and gloves while preparing and applying pesticides. Plant protection chemicals must be stored in a dry, well ventilated facility with displayed information on hazardous chemicals inaccessible to children and unauthorized people. !8 8 * for repeated application of pesticides and advised not to mix pesticides. PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT

e. !8 8 * for repeated application of pesticides and advised not to mix pesticides. PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT

11 Spray should not be done during peak period of bee activity to protect bees. It is advised to spray pesticides in the afternoon hours avoiding strong windy condition and rains. &" _ " Avoid eating, drinking, smoking or chewing while preparing spray solution and the containers, buckets etc used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose. Select right kind of sprayer with appropriate nozzles for spraying. It is advised not to blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Left over spray solution and empty containers should not be disposed in ponds, water bodies etc. Combustible containers can be burnt if the container labels permits burning. Containers made of paper, cardboard & plant materials can be disposed off by burning. Non combustible containers should be broken or deformed by punching holes at several places to prevent reuse. '"8 Phytophthora capsici is the most destructive of all diseases and occurs mainly during the south west monsoon season. Symptoms : " & 8 & % ate margins which rapidly enlarge and cause defoliation.

! ! trailing on the soil turn black when infected. If the main stem at the ground level or the collar is damaged, the entire vine wilts !8 ! & " 8 8 "# break up at nodes and the entire vine collapses within a month. *! ! ? ! till the cessation of rain and the vine starts showing declining symptoms such as 88 !!! & # %>& 8 Disease management Foot rot disease

Removal and destruction of dead vines along with root system from the garden is !Phytophthora Planting material must be collected from disease free gardens and the nursery preferably raised in fumigated or solarized soil. ' & 8 Injury to the root system due to cultural practices such as digging should be avoided.

	
		"
	!!


!				
	!&

build up of humidity and for better penetration of sunlight. Management

Phytophthora #

13 ! !! 8 8 /% & ! Q%Q{ 8 ? {G\ Q%Z{ _& !8 ; ?? Z\ & and spraying are to be repeated during August-September. A third round of drench- & ! & & Q%Z{ _& 8 ?% {ZGQ\ can be given during August-September. Alternatively, all the vines can be drenched 8 {H\ 8 {H\ %$ *! monsoon is prolonged, a third round of drenching and spraying may also be given !/% Trichoderma harzianum around the base ! & Q{_& ' ! T. harzianum @ 1010!_ !T. harzianum needs to be given during August-September. $%

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It can be distin- ! 8 ! " ! # 8 ! # !! 88" and the discolouration gradually increases with characteristic cross splitting and

"# ! 8 8 & # ! ; ? ? Z\ % {Z\ 8 ZG\/J !! $ %

14 $" 8 % 8 8 " %# " !

8 ! ? 8 ) &" "! pollination and anthracnose infection. Irrigation of vines from second fortnight of / Q{%T{ _ & ! & 8 8 ?? Z\ % {Z\ the intensity of spike shedding.

&		?

! & # & small and narrow and appear leathery, puckered and crinkled. Chlorotic spots and " & # ! !! & decreases gradually.

!8						!
		!

Use virus free healthy planting material Regular inspection and removal of infected plants; the removed plants may be burnt or buried deep in soil Aphids and mealy bugs should be controlled by spraying insecticide such as {{Q\ &

$ ! ! 8 !" ? $ ! ! 8 leaf like structures, exhibiting phyllody symptoms. In advanced stages, the leaves become small and chlorotic, and # !! d

Stunt disease (Viral diseases) Viral disease

15 fruiting laterals give a witches broom appearance. Severely affected vines decline & 8 GH # ! & destroyed to prevent further spread of the disease. $8 !" 8 !% %" ! # ! 8 ! 88 ! ( onset of south west monsoon during May/June, some of the affected vines recover ! ! ! )8 & ' after the cessation of the monsoon and the vines gradually lose their vigour and productivity.

ected vines recover ! ! ! )8 & ' after the cessation of the monsoon and the vines gradually lose their vigour and productivity. Nematodes such as Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita infestations lead to necrosis and development of galls on roots and rotting of feeder # ! independently or combined. Severely affected vines should be removed from the plantation and destroyed.

8 +! {Z\ ! planting. Nematode free rooted cuttings raised in fumigated or steam sterilized nursery ? ! Along with nematicides the basins should be drenched with either copper oxychlo- {G\ {H\ ?% {ZGQ\ Management

Slow decline

16 In areas severely infested with root knot nematodes, cuttings of the resistant variety ‘Pournami’ may be planted. Biocontrol agents like Pochonia chlamydosporia or T. harzianum can be applied @ Q{_& 8 %/$ % Apply talc based formulation of Bacillus macerans @10g/vine in basins at the time of planting of vines or just before the monsoon period in established plantations. Lanka ramakrishnai & !" more serious in plains and at altitudes below 300 m. # ! & " # ! ! " " # ! " 8 # ! # $ % Slow wilt disease Pollu beetle damage Pest management Pollu Beetle

Regulation of shade in the plantation reduces the population of the pest in the

$ % Slow wilt disease Pollu beetle damage Pest management Pollu Beetle

Regulation of shade in the plantation reduces the population of the pest in the

$' {{Q\ %$ % '% {{Q\ > {T\ % $ !! & ! !

Cydia hemidoxa " # & ! internal tissues " !!! # ! is higher during $' {{Q\ ` &% 8 & " Lepidosaphes piperis Aspidiotus destructor " pepper vines at higher altitudes and also to older cuttings in nurseries. Scale insects are & # ! sap and cause yellowing and wilting of infested portions; in severe cases the affected !& # ! & and summer periods. " *! ! Liothrips karnyi & # ! &! thrips on leaves causes the leaf margins to curl downwards and inwards resulting in the formation of marginal leaf galls. Later the infested leaves become crinkled and ! $ {{Q\ ! 8 & ' Scale insects " '

$ {{Q\ ! 8 & ' Scale insects " '

18 "& Minor pests +!! & ! $ {Z\ affected vines after harvest of produce; repeat spraying after 21 days to control the ! * {H\> {H\ rosin 3%. is also effective in controlling the pest infestation. Twig ' Berry Leaf feeding caterpillars, especially Synegia sp., damage leaves and spikes of younger & ' {{Q\/ ! $ {{Q\ may be undertaken if infestations are severe. Mealybug infestation on roots can be 8 {{WQ\ " measures against Phytophthora and nematode infections. " "& )& !8 !'& for the end product. Clear instruction should be available for farm worker to use proper cutting devices and avoid harvest of unwanted plants. A documented procedure should exist for cleaning containers and avoiding mixed up and contamination of produce.

for farm worker to use proper cutting devices and avoid harvest of unwanted plants. A documented procedure should exist for cleaning containers and avoiding mixed up and contamination of produce.
Washing and cleaning methods need to be ensured for the freshly harvested materials to ensure removal of soil particles adhering to the materials. Processing area must be clean with a proper platform and shade. HARVEST AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT

19 # ' ! ! & crop produce. Drying procedure and the temperature employed should be in conformity with the ' ! ! Sorting procedure need to be carried out after the completion of drying phase and before the material is packed. $ !" ' ' length of storage before consumption/processing and need to be kept clean, dry and undamaged. Storage area must be kept clean and free from insect pests. Proper separation need to be implemented to keep different products of the crop separately. ;" " W%[ ! 8 !* crop is harvested during December –January in plains and January-April in the high )& 8 8 8# " !

** crop is harvested during December –January in plains and January-April in the high )& 8 8 8# " !

)& " Spikes which are fallen on to the ground may be collected separately, cleaned and then # & ! ' & ! different pepper products is given below.

Post harvest processing operations followed for black pepper involves threshing, blanch- ing, drying, cleaning, grading and packaging. During processing care should be taken to ' ! Product Stage of maturity at harvest:- + %%Q %Z{%ZQ ! %ZQ%G{ ! ;" % Z%G ! 8 " 8 % ( %

8 &!Q{"_ GQ{{"_ & 8 '"& ! # '! " & ! mature berries taken in perforated vessel in boiling water for a minute before drying.

' & & = Y! " ! ^ H%Q%T ' 8 !8 traditional practice ^ & ? " ! Pepper has moisture content of 65% to 70% at harvest, which should be brought to ! & !Z{\ ' 8 the phenolic compounds are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen under the catalytic ! & "

Sun drying is the conventional method followed for drying of black pepper. In & '

__+ ! !%T# average dry recovery varies between 33-37% depending on the varieties and cultivars. " 8 ZG\ !" /? !" ! Mechanical driers developed by various agencies are also used to dry black pepper. Models of varying capacities operated either electrically or by burning agricultural wastes are available for drying of black pepper by maintaining temperature below 550 C.

" ? " " pinheads, stones, soil particles etc. mixed with it. Cleaning and grading are basic operations that enhance the value of the produce and help to get higher returns. Cleaning on a small scale is done by winnowing and hand picking which removes most of the impurities. Such units consist of a fan/ blower and a feeding assembly. Spiral # ! immature " 88!" is done by using sieves and shifting black pepper into different grades based on size. Drying Cleaning and grading

21 Packaging

Eco friendly packaging materials such as clean gunny bags or paper bags may be adopted and the use of polythene bags may be minimized. Recyclable/ reusable packag- ing materials shall be used wherever possible. All the bags need to be labelled seperately. Storage

Black pepper is hygroscopic in nature and absorption of moisture from air, during rainy season when there is high humidity may result in mould and insect infesta- ; ! Z{ # produce is bulk packed separately in multi layer paper bags or woven polypropylene & 8 ! U # & 8 ! ! ' *+^%**$^

& 8 ! ! ' *+^%**$^ ? ! & 8 ' % ments in spice sector.

U	!"			=%

# $ ]?;#$];[ # ]?;#];G # #{ / / ZG / /Y ZG

8 ! harvest and the name of farmer/farming agency.
*! 8 ! ' approval.

					"
			!
		&

!8 8 IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY

# +&

! ! _ ]' 8 & manner. Scheduled servicing procedures must be adhered to keep them in working order. Additional care should be taken for cleaning those machine parts that get into direct contact with the harvested produce. X !8 _ & !8 ' ' ! product, crop husbandry etc.

& ? U " safety and hygiene. PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT

23 (" ' 8 & + ! % & 8 ! & & & ! " 8 ' competent authority need to be complied. All workers handling and/or administering plant protection chemicals, disinfectants, biocides or other hazardous substances and all workers operating dangerous or ? ' & ! Permanent and legible signs indicating potential hazards, e.g. waste pits, fuel tanks, workshops, access doors of the plant protection product / fertiliser / any other chemical storage facilities as well as the treated crop etc. must be made available. , !&

24 . % "& # Potassium phosphonate Carbendazim - mancozeb Metalaxyl –mancozeb Dimethoate Carbosulfan Quinalphos Chlorpyriphos ) ? ) ? ) ? ) ? Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Moderately toxic Black pepper spiral separator Black pepper cleaner cum grader

Verbatim extracted text (OCR/PDF). Older scans and tables may show extraction artifacts — verify against the original for anything you act on.

Analysis

No analysis generated for this document yet (analysis runs over brief docs + on-demand). Run build_analysis.py --ids 25849 --apply.

Black Pepper

Panniyur -1 Hybrid, Uthirankotta × Cheriyakaniakadan 1242 35.3 5.3 11.8 3.5 High yielding, not suited to heavily shaded areas Panniyur -2 Selection (Cul. 141) from cv. Balancotta 2570 35.7 6.6 10.9

Shade tolerant Panniyur -3 Hybrid (Cul. 331), Uthirankotta × Cheriyakaniakadan 1953 27.8 5.2 12.7

Late maturing Panniyur -4 Selection from Kuthiravally Type 1277 34.7

9.2

Stable yielder Panniyur -5 Open pollinated progeny selection from Perumkodi 1098

Stable yielder Panniyur -5 Open pollinated progeny selection from Perumkodi
1098