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Coriander

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CORIANDER Editors: Praveena R, Dinesh R, Srinivasan V, Gopal Lal, Dhirendra Singh, Aarthi R Nirmal Babu K Publisher: Director ICAR- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode Coriander – Good Agricultural Practices September 2019 Contact: ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673 012 E-mail: mail@spices.res.in Phone: 0495-2731410 Printed at : Papyrus Printers, Kozhikode–673004 Cover page : A. Sudhakaran For further details : www.aicrps.res.in

01 Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm produc- tion and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while consideringeconomic, social and environmental sustainabil- addressing environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm production and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricul- tural products. A broadly accepted approach using GAP principles, generic indicators and practices will help guide debate on national policies and actions and on the prepara- !! application of GAP in the food chain. The aim of GAP is to promote Sustainable Agricul- ture and Development and with effective input use, are one of the best ways to increase smallholder productivity. GAP in addition to improving the yield and quality of the products, also has environmental and social dimensions.

Practising GAP improve the safety and quality of food and other agricultural products and it helps to reduce the risk of non-compliance with national and interna- tional regulations, standards and guidelines set by Codex Alimentarius Commission, "# $ %& ' tion IPPC regarding permitted pesticides, maximum levels of contaminants food and non-food agricultural products, as well as other chemical, microbiological and physical contamination hazards. Moreover, adopting GAP promotes sustainable agriculture and contributes to meeting national and international environment and social development objectives.Its social dimension would be to protect the agricultural workers’ health from improper use of chemicals and pesticides. It is a particularly opportune time to promote GAP when second generation of reforms in agriculture which would have a Critical !$ ( ! $& #) & ( need to be adequately informed, technically prepared and organised to meet this new challenge with governments and public agencies playing a facilitating role.

02 % Coriandrum sativum L ! & $)% parsley, and all parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the parts most traditionally used in cooking as a spice. The stem, leaves and fruits have a pleasant aroma and the whole young plant is used in ! ! & & ( ! Dry fruits are extensively used in preparation of curry powder, pickling spices, sausage and seasonings. The seeds are also used as a carminative, refrigerant, diuretic and aphrodisiac. * & & +( chocolate industry and it is also a valuable ingredient in perfumes. Good quality oleoresin can be extracted from coriander seeds. The oleoresin is used for

&( & ( ! ( ) * ! product is Dania dal, which is a major adjunct in Pan masala.

Coriander is a native of Mediterranean region and its cultivation is limited mainly to tropics. Besides India, it is cultivated in Morocco, Rumania, ( /!( $( #( 8( ( * ( ; <( ( England and USA. In India, the main coriander growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. * () () ( source of irrigation water and meteorological data need to be available with the farmer before starting coriander cultivation. SITE SELECTION GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR CORIANDER

03 Coriander is a tropical crop and requires frost-free climate particularly at the ) & reduced at temperature above 300C and below 100%# & !) & ! coriander, it can be grown throughout the year provided moisture is made available. Dry as well as moderately cool weather conditions during seed forma- tion stage increase the yield as well as quality of the produce. ( 8 !( where crop is grown using conserved moisture, black or heavy soil is the best. / ( &* !# should be near 7.0 for better growth and quality of coriander. SEEDS AND PROPAGATION MATERIAL

Sl.No. Variety Salient features Average yield (q/ha) Recommended State/Region 1 Sadhana

Dual purpose, semi-erect variety; suitable for rainfed condition, field tolerance to diseases and white fly, mites & aphids, essential oil 0.2%. A mid late variety 95-110 days duration withstands moisture stress, responded well to input management under optimum moisture 10.25

Andhra Pradesh 2 Swathi

Plants medium size semi-erect type. Early maturing variety (80-85 days), suitable for rainfed condition, and late sown season, essential oil 0.30%. Medium size oval grain. Field tolerant to white fly, moderately tolerant to disease. It suits well to the areas where the soil moisture retentiveness is less, being early maturing type, it escapes powdery mildew disease. 8.5 Rainfed areas in Andhra Pradesh 3 Co 1 It matures in about 110 days. Tolerant to grain mould
8.0 Tamil Nadu 4 Co 2 Dual purpose variety, tolerant to drought. Crop duration 90-100 days. For leaf purpose it gives 1000 kg ha-1 green leaves at 40 days crop growth stage. 6-7 Tamil Nadu 5 Co 3

A dual purpose variety, good yielder, medium sized grains, suitable for rainfed& irrigated condition, rabi as well as kharif season. Field tolerant to powdery mildew, wilt & grain mould. Seed oil content ranges from 0.38 to 0.41%, duration 85-95 days 6.5-7 Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh 6 Sindhu

Oval medium breakable grains, essential oil (0.4%); suitable for rainfed areas, tolerant to wilt, powdery mildew as well as drought condition, medium duration 10.0 Andhra Pradesh

04 (100-110 days). 7 Hisar Anand

A medium tall, dual purpose variety, oval medium size seeds; essential oil 0.35%, wider adaptability to different soil conditions. Resistant to lodging due to spreading habit 14.0 Haryana 8 RCr 20

Medium sized bush plant, suitable for rainfed crop or limited moisture conditions and heavy soils of south Rajasthan. Moderately resistant to stem gall, bold grains, essential oil 0.25%. Early maturity, duration 100-110 days 9.0 Southern Rajasthan including Tonk, Bundi, Kota, Baran and Jhalawar districts. 9 RCr -41 It is highly resistant to stem gall and wilt but only moderately resistant to powdery mildew. Matures in 130-140 days 9.2
Rajasthan 10 RCr 436

Plants semi dwarf, bushy type; quick early growth and bold big seeds, resistant to root rot & root knot nematodes; suitable for limited moisture condition and heavy soils of south Rajasthan, essential oil 0.33 %, early maturing (90-100 days). 11.0 Rajasthan 11 RCr-728 The plants are bushy and erect with higher number of seeds per umbel and volatile oil contents is 0.38%. Matures in 130-140 days 13.7 Rajasthan 12 RCr-446

Plants are tall, leafy, erect with higher number of seeds per umbel. Seeds are medium with 0.33% volatile oil content. Moderately resistant to stem gall and wilt under rainfed, limited moisture or irrigated conditions, medium maturity (110-130 days). 12.0 Rainfed areas in Rajasthan 13 RCr 435

Plants are bushy, erect, bold seeds, medium size, contain essential oil 0.33%; adapted for irrigated condition, moderately resistant to root knot and powdery mildew. Medium maturity, duration 110-130 days. 10.0 Rajasthan 14 RCr 684

Resistant to stem gall and less susceptible to powdery mildew. Adapted to medium heavy textured soil, essential oil 0.32% and sandy loam soil under irrigations. Seeds are bold. Plants are tall and erect with higher number of seeds/umbel. Medium maturity (110- 120 days). 9.9 Rajasthan 15 Hisar Sugandh

Suitable for irrigated conditions. Resistant to stem gall disease 14.0 Haryana & Rajasthan 16 RCr-480

High yield and volatile oil content; less susceptible to aphid and powdery 18.0 All coriander growing areas of

05 mildew; tolerant to frost. Volatile oil – 0.425%, Medium maturity (130-140 days) Haryana, Chattisgarh and Bihar 17 Sadhana Dual purpose, semi-erect variety; suitable for rainfed condition, field tolerance to diseases and white fly, mites & aphids, essential oil 0.2%. A mid late variety 95-110 days duration withstands moisture stress, responded well to input management under optimum moisture 10.25 Andhra Pradesh 18 Hisar Surabhi

Bushy erect plant type, medium size seed, oblong; oil content 0.425%, tolerant to frost, less susceptible to aphids, medium duration (130-140 days) 18.0 Haryana & other states 19 Sudha (LCC-128)

High seed yield, bold oblong shaped medium sized grains with attractive colour and is less susceptible to pests and diseases, volatile oil – 0.40%; medium duration under rainfed conditions( 80-100 days), early in north Indian conditions.
7.5-10.0 (rainfed) 12.0- 15.0(irrig ated) Andhra Pradesh (rainfed areas) 20 Hisar Bhoomit

Small seeded. Besides its high green leaf yield potential and oil content, Resistant to stem gall disease 14-15.0 All coriander growing areas of the country for green leaf production 21 DH 220

Variety with powdery mildew resistance. This variety has out yielded other varieties, Hisar Ananad (National check) and Local checks under coordinated varietal trials of AICRPS. 6.5-7.5 Haryana 22 Suguna
(LCC – 236)

Medium duration variety with 90-95 days duration. Grain is slender, oval shaped. Yield potential is of 750-1350 kg/ha. This variety is having high volatile oil content (0.52 %). 7.5-13.5 Andra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh 23 Suruchi (LCC – 234)

Off season coriander variety suitable for protected cultivation in summer with herbage yield of 4.5 t/ha.
15-18.0 Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu 24 CS 287 Early maturing variety, suitable for both rainfed and irrigated condition. Field tolerant to wilt and grain mould. 6.0 Andhra Pradesh 25 Narendra Dhania-2 Dual purpose variety 17-19.0 Uttar Pradesh., Rajasthan, Gujarat 26 RCr 475 Suitable for grain purpose and not for leaf purpose 17.4 Rajasthan 27 Susthira (LCC- 219) Medium duration 12-17.5
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu 28 Rajendra Dhania RD 385

High yield potential 17.6 All the Coriander growing regions of the country

06 Coriander is commercially propagated by seeds. To achieve optimum plant density in irrigated condition, a seed rate of 12-15 kg ha-1 is required. Under rainfed conditions, a seed rate of 20-25 kg ha-1 is adopted. SEED RATE 29 Gujarat Coriander (GC- 3)

High volatile oil (0.52%), High linalool (72.16%) and high yield potential, less prone to aphid and powdery mildew. 16.9 All the Coriander growing regions of the country 30 Ajmer Coriander (ACR-2) Resistance to stem gall disease, high linalool content (71.7%) and early maturing type 15.5 All the Coriander growing regions of the country 31 Rajendra Dhania 3 (RD-416) Climatic resilient with high oil content (0.53%) 11.5-17.7 All the Coriander growing regions of the country 32 JD (SI)-1)

High volatile oil (0.67%), Protein 21.03%, good aroma and moderately resistant to powdery mildew, stem gal
diseases. 13.5 Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgargh, Uttarkhand, Rajasthan and Haryana 33 Ajmer coriander- 3(ACr-3) High volatile oil (0.55 %), high linalool (75.42 %) and field resistance against powdery mildew with bold seed. 16.9 All coriander growing areas of India 34 Chhattisgarh Sri Chandrahasini Dhania-2 (ICS- 4)

Moderately tolerant to powdery mildew
and aphids. Suitable for leafy as well as seed purpose. High volatile oil content (0.47%) 18.4 Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telagana, Tamil Nadu. DH 220 Suruchi

07 [* ! ! water should be available especially with respect to heavy metals and pesticide
residues contents.
[* +(+! need to be recorded. [/ ! + ! operations performed need to be recorded. SOIL CONDITIONS/MANAGEMENT

Land preparation should be done with the help of plough or cultivator, '] *& ( ! ! ^ ( (! ')) ! ! ! (

! & kept either fallow or grown with short duration crops. Less number of plough- ing is required in light soils whereas more number of ploughing is required in heavy soils. At the time of sowing, soil must be friable for better seedling emergence and their further establishment and growth. The spacing for the crop, in terms of row to row and plant to plant distance need to be adopted as per the agronomic requirement. ! !! ) a reasonable timeframe. Based on the soil analysis and crop requirement, organic manure preferred for the crop supplemented with mineral nutrition through inorganic source need to be applied. Application of mineral supplements must be based on complete soil analysis
in a competent laboratory. Specialized nutritional application for distinct needs viz., root production or
enhancement of leaf bio mass need to be taken up as per the requirement of the crop. In order to optimize water usage and to reduce wastage of water irrigation
management plan need to be prepared for the crop. CROP MANAGEMENT FOR CULTIVATION

08 _ ! & ) whole cropping season and to reduce the water usage. Records need to be maintained for irrigation schedules, fertigation application and water requirement. Depending on the nature and stage of the crop, inter-cultivation practices need to be adopted to reduce the incidence of weeds.
Comprehensive package of pest and disease management schedules including prophylactic measures required for the crop need to be adopted to minimize the crop loss and its quality. In order to reduce pesticide residue in produce, correct dose of pesticides, time of application and mode of application need to be ensured and recorded correctly. Use of bio control agents and bio pesticides is preferred and plans for this should be available. * !) ) ` sowing reduces the plant growth and increases the incidence of pests and diseases. Therefore sowing should be done early when the day temperature falls below 250C. Sowing should be done 30 cm apart in lines with plant to plant distance of 10 cm, whereas in heavy soils or fertile soils 40 cm spacing between rows in recommended.

Take 20-25 kg ha-1 seed and treat with Bavistin @ 2 g kg-1 seed or Thiram @ 2.5 g kg-1 seed or Trichoderma @ 4 g kg-1 seed after splitting the seed properly for wilt control. Use Azospirillum or Azotobacter as seed treatment and soil treatment in combination with 5 t sheep manure ha-1 for higher seed yield. Seed treatment with either PGPR viz( { |] Pseudomonas putida } |~ Microbacterium paraoxidans !& Adopt crop rotation and summer ploughing to control wilt and stem gall.

09 Rajasthan: Gujarat: Tamil Nadu: Andhra Pradesh: Bihar: Uttar Pradesh: ; & }) & ' (/ ! '

; ) & Apply 15-20 t ha-1; !! & ! Application of 10 to 15 t ha-1 vermicompost. \25{2 -1 at sowing in unirrigated crop. !(\25{2 -1 at sowing, foliar spray of 20 kg N ha-1 ! -1 ) /!! /4 @ 5 kg ha-1|(;/4 @ 12.5 kg ha-1 %/4 @ 12.5 kg ha-1 Application of NAA @ 50 ppm/ Triacontanol @ 1.0 mL L-1 twice at 40 and 60 DAS ](~/ )

Depending on the climatic conditions, soil type and variety used, 4-5 + & \'\ )/( '/( ~'/( |'|/ ||'|/! better than other methods. * ( ) \`/ growth of coriander is slow. Second hoeing and weeding in irrigated coriander may be done between 50-60 DAS depending upon the regrowth of weed. '! -1(! ' < | kg ha-1 supplemented with hand weeding once at 50 DAS gives effective control of weeds.

10 Production and nutrient management in off-season leafy coriander: Planting of coriander variety CS 11 during March- April under 50% agro shade net gives high yield of physiologically matured leaf on 45th day of sowing with 8%~!!\] kg NPK per ha combined with spraying of GA 15 ppm at 20 DAS recorded the

! ]~] ) \ 25% of yield increase over control.

Intercropping coriander with brinjal is an effective IPM component to reduce fruit borer infestation and reduction insecticides used by farmers. Mixed cropping of coriander and chickpea also helps to reduce the attack of pod borer in chickpea. Mixed cropping of coriander, chilli and garlic help to manage wilt in chilli. The smell of garlic and coriander act as insect repellent besides fetching additional income of coriander leaf from time to time to farmers. Coriander can !! ) ((( ( (' hol, pea, chillies, cabbage etc. Some of the common cropping systems followed are, Green gram/ Black gram- Coriander Summer moong - Coriander Cluster-bean/ Cowpea –Coriander Cluster bean- Coriander - Summer Maize Maize – Potato – Coriander ! " #$

11 PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT & ! !! ) !!! experts and to follow IPM strategies for sustainable production. ! ! ! cropping season. Proper precautions should be taken while spraying chemicals to avoid contamina- tion beyond the application area. !! ) natural water bodies, drinking water sources, human dwellings etc. It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and gloves while preparing and applying pesticides. Plant protection chemicals must be stored in a dry, well ventilated facility with displayed information on hazardous chemicals inaccessible to children and unauthorized people. ) )! $ for repeated application of pesticides and advised not to mix pesticides. Spray should not be done during peak period of bee activity to protect bees. It is advised to spray pesticides in the afternoon hours avoiding strong windy condition and rains. &! Avoid eating, drinking, smoking or chewing while preparing spray solution and the containers, buckets etc used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose. Select right kind of sprayer with appropriate nozzles for spraying. It is advised not to blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Left over spray solution and empty containers should not be disposed in ponds, water bodies etc. Combustible containers can be burnt if the container labels permits burning. Containers made of paper, cardboard & plant materials can be disposed off by burning. Non combustible containers should be broken or deformed by punching holes at several places to prevent reuse.

12 %

Aphids (Hyadaphis coriandri) colonize on leaves, tender apical shoots and umbels where both nymphs and adults suck cell sap and devitalize the plant. Infestation in early stages causes distortion in plant growth, yellowing of leaves and reducing their vigour. The heavy infestation of aphid on coriander occurs between December to March and reduces yield by more than 50% in unpro- tected crop. & * )! ) |'\ !& & %! ) % & surroundings by removal of alternate host to minimize aphid infestation. Avoid judicious use of nitrogenous fertilizers and water. Use of yellow or blue sticky traps for aphid management. ^ < ( bio-pesticides like Verticillium lecanii as foliar application. Need based application of safe chemical insecticides. Conserve natural enemies and pollinators by judicious application of insecti- cides. Coriander crops attract large numbers of Coccinellid predators and other !# ! ! Systole albipennis present inside the seed emerges at storage. The larva damages the seed and survives inside the fruits. ' %

13 (%

Amongst the species of thrips attacking seed spices, Thrips tabaci is the major species found on most of the seed spice crops. Both nymphs and adults feed on umbel, leaf sheath and stems of plants. Both nymphs and adults congre- gate in between the leaf sheath and stem of plants which results in drying of the & / & ) ! shriveled fruits. * eggs inside the developing seeds. The eggs hatches inside seed and the larva feeds and destroys the embryo and/or endosperm, thereby reducing seed viabil- ity. Adults emerge by making exit hole in the seed. They complete their life span within 25 days from egg to adult stage. In general, yield loss of approximately \ <! #) & ( & ( expected. Timely sowing of coriander reduces the S. albipennis incidence, late sown crop & %! )! ! !! ! ! < $ !!) !) ' ) *+ ,"

14 -

Timely sowing of crop between 15- 30th !& & %! ) % & by removal of alternate host minimizes aphid infestation. Avoid injudicious use of N fertilizers and water. Use yellow or blue sticky traps. Treat seeds with Imidacloprid 0.5 g kg-1 seeds. ^ < ( bio-pesticides like Verticillium lecanii as foliar application. Need based use of safe chemical insecticides. Conserve natural enemies, coccinellid predators, other parasitoids and pollinators by judicious application of insecticides.
' This is very important predator found on all seed spice crops.
Coccinella adult and grub feed on numbers of insect which causes damage and yield loss to the crops. In coriander crop it is one of important natural control agents of aphids and other sucking pests. $ ) ! !!! Conservation of coccinella and further multiplication on the crop is possible through good agricultural practices and application of Integrated Pest Management practices.

1" 3 , 4 Coccinella on coriander

15 Wilt is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The infected plants dry up due to wilting. The wilt infection may appear in patches at any stage of growth. ' ^ & ) %(/ (%']|(%']]( %/'~ * ! and Trichoderma may be applied to the soil before sowing !! Summer ploughing and soil solarization in summer and proper crop rotation will reduce wilt incidence. ) )Erysiphe polygoni( !! ) !) mass on the leaves and then on the stem and other parts such as umbels. ^ & !) ) %(/ (%']|( `#(%'(%'\ Seed treatment with Pseudomonas @ 10 g kg-1 and foliar spray of @ 2 g L-1 or spraying. Wettable sulphur 1.0 kg ha-1 at the time of initial appearance of the disease and 2nd spray at 10 days interval. /! < | ! appearance of disease, 2nd and 3rd | & The disease can also be managed by dusting sulphur powder @ 20-25 kg ha -1 or spraying karathane @ 0.1%. Second spray should be repeated after 15-20 days. ) Wilt &"

' &"

16 3 % Blight caused by Alternaria poonensis appears in the form of dark brown spots on the stem and leaves. ' Spraying of 500-700 L ha-1 solution of 0.2% mancozeb or 0.1% thiophanate methyl helps in managing the disease. Soil application of vermicompost 5 t ha-1 ) kernel < ! < !! of !) )! | &) ^ leaf extract as foliar spray three times can also protect the plants from powdery mildew. 5 % !& ) early seed formation stage. The frost damage can be minimized by spraying 0.1% solution of sulphuric acid, irrigating the crop prior to the incidence of frost, using wind breaks and creating smoke cover in the early morning. #& ) +& !' eters set for the end product rather than the total vegetative yield. Clear instruction should be available for farm worker to use proper cutting devices and avoid harvest of unwanted plants. A documented procedure should exist for cleaning containers and avoiding mixed up and contamination of produce.
Washing and cleaning methods need to be ensured for the freshly harvested materials to ensure removal of soil particles adhering to the materials. Processing area must be clean with a proper platform and shade. HARVEST AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT

17 67 &8%7 Proper drying techniques need to be adopted for drying and storage of harvested crop produce. Drying procedure and the temperature employed should be in conformity with the quality needs of the farm produce. Sorting procedure need to be carried out after the completion of drying phase and before the material is packed. Selection of packaging material must be based on the quality requirements and possible length of storage before consumption/processing and need to be kept clean, dry and undamaged. Storage area must be kept clean and free from insect pests. Proper separation need to be implemented to keep different products of the crop separately. To obtain good luster of seed with yield, harvesting should be done when 50% seeds turn yellow. To obtain extra income, leaf plucking to the extent of 50% at 75 days after sowing without reductions in seed yield may be done. The harvested material should be dried in shade to retain seed colour and quality. If it is not possible then the harvested material should be kept in bundles upside down to avoid direct sun rays on the seeds which reduce the quality of product. After drying the harvested material, the seeds are separated by light beating with sticks and winnowing. With good management practices and use of high yielding varieties, an average yield of 12-25 q ha-1 under irrigated condition and '~+ -1 under rainfed conditions can be obtained. % ! ( ) ! vacuum gravity separator and de-stoner and spiral gravity separator. To get good price and easy marketing, the produce should be categorized in different grades and stored properly. * ! ) ! ( year of harvest and the name of farmer/farming agency.
If the produce was tested before, an appropriate label may be used indicating quality approval. )9-(5 (- -) (: 93(;

18 PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT * ! & ) ) { ! ) ! & must be familiar with all aspects related to the crop such as, quality require- ments of the end product, crop husbandry etc. The personnel engaged in cultivation should have basic exposure to subject matters like safety and hygiene. The machinery used for fertilizer and pesticide application must be calibrated at ! maintained. Equipments must be clean and mounted wherever applicable, in an easily acces- sible manner. Scheduled servicing procedures must be adhered to keep them in working order. Additional care should be taken for cleaning those machine parts that get into direct contact with the harvested produce. Workers need to be equipped with suitable protective clothing. Complete sets of ! & ( () ! (! & & ( & ( ( ) + authorized by a competent authority need to be complied. &7 % +

19 All workers handling and/or administering plant protection chemicals, disinfect- ants, biocides or other hazardous substances and all workers operating danger- ! < +! & ! Permanent and legible signs indicating potential hazards, e.g. waste pits, fuel tanks, workshops, access doors of the plant protection product / fertiliser / any other chemical storage facilities as well as the treated crop etc. must be made available. %

20 ($" ##%,

7 Mancozeb Thiophanate methyl Wettable sulphur Imidacloprid < uorfen Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic

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