cultivation_practices-CUMIN-1.pdf

CUMIN Editors: Srinivasan V, Praveena R, Dinesh R, Gopal Lal, Dhirendra Singh, Aarthi R Nirmal Babu K Publisher: Director ICAR- Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode Cumin – Good Agricultural Practices September 2019 Contact: ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673 012 E-mail: mail@spices.res.in Phone: 0495-2731410 Printed at : Papyrus Printers, Kozhikode–673004 Cover page : A. Sudhakaran For further details : www.aicrps.res.in

01 Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm produc- tion and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while consideringeconomic, social and environmental sustainabil-                  addressing environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm production and post-production processes resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricul- tural products. A broadly accepted approach using GAP principles, generic indicators and practices will help guide debate on national policies and actions and on the prepara-        !!     application of GAP in the food chain. The aim of GAP is to promote Sustainable Agricul- ture and Development and with effective input use, are one of the best ways to increase smallholder productivity. GAP in addition to improving the yield and quality of the products, also has environmental and social dimensions.

effective input use, are one of the best ways to increase smallholder productivity. GAP in addition to improving the yield and quality of the products, also has environmental and social dimensions.

Practising GAP improve the safety and quality of food and other agricultural products and it helps to reduce the risk of non-compliance with national and interna- tional regulations, standards and guidelines set by Codex Alimentarius Commission, "#   $  %& ' tion IPPC regarding permitted pesticides, maximum levels of contaminants food and non-food agricultural products, as well as other chemical, microbiological and physical contamination hazards. Moreover, adopting GAP promotes sustainable agriculture and contributes to meeting national and international environment and social development objectives.Its social dimension would be to protect the agricultural workers’ health from improper use of chemicals and pesticides. It is a particularly opportune time to promote GAP when second generation of reforms in agriculture which would have a Critical !$ ( !  $&  #) & (  need to be adequately informed, technically prepared and organised to meet this new challenge with governments and public agencies playing a facilitating role.

02 %Cuminum cyminum L.*!       known minor spices used by mankind. It is an important spice crop mainly cultivated for

ng a facilitating role.

02 %Cuminum cyminum L.*!       known minor spices used by mankind. It is an important spice crop mainly cultivated for

&&   (! (!$!   ' hyde, a component of volatile oil present in the seeds. The mean volatile oil of indigenous collections varies from 2.5 to 3.5%. The seeds are extensively used in ayurvedic medicines prescribed for stomach pain and dyspepsia. Cumin is believed to be native of Mediterranean region, mainly cultivated in India, Egypt, Libya, Iran, Pakistan, Mexico and Japan. In India, it is mainly cultivated in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. SITE SELECTION / () ()    (  of irrigation water and meteorological data need to be available with the farmers before starting cumin cultivation. Climate and soil Seed purpose crop is successfully cultivated in moderately cool and dry climate during ) 8    &   ) $  !    )    %)   ) ' ing and fruiting stages increases incidences of pests and diseases. Germination is adversely affected at temperatures above 300 C and below 100C, though the crop prefer low temperature during vegetative phase .

ing stages increases incidences of pests and diseases. Germination is adversely affected at temperatures above 300 C and below 100C, though the crop prefer low temperature during vegetative phase . It can be grown in wide range of soils, but sandy loam to medium heavy soils having plenty of organic matter with better fertility !# ;<'=<  > )  !   cultivated for the past 3 years should be selected. 

There are a number of good cumin varieties suitable for different agro climate regions. Varieties selection depends primarily on its adaptation to the soil and climatic conditions and preferably should have resistance / tolerance to pests and diseases prevailing in that region. There are many varieties released for cultivation to different areas specially Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some popular varieties include: SEEDS AND PROPAGATION MATERIAL GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR CUMIN

are many varieties released for cultivation to different areas specially Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some popular varieties include: SEEDS AND PROPAGATION MATERIAL GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR CUMIN

03 RZ-19: It takes 120 –140 days to mature and gives an average yield of 5.6 q/ha. Recom- mended for Rajasthan. RZ-209: Recommended for Rajasthan state and the variety have shown tolerance to wilt and blight diseases. It takes 120-130 days to reach maturity and gives seed yield of 6.5q/ha. RZ-223:Wider adaptability, with resistance to wilt. The seeds yield an oil content of 3.23% and gives seed yield of 6.0q/ha. Recommended for Rajasthan state. 8F'HOQ & )   &  H=;UX  ! QY<'QH<)   [<] 8   8^  state. RZ-345: The plants are bushy and semi-erect with moderate resistance of wilt, blight and powdery mildew. It matures in 120-130 days and produces an average yield of 6.07q/ha. Ac-01-167: Variety resistant to wilt with an average yield of 5.15 q/ha. Recommended for Rajasthan. Gujarat Cumin-1: It matures in 105-110 days and gives an average yield of 7.0q/ha. Gujarat Cumin -2: It matures in 100 days and gives an average yield of 7.0q/ha. The variety is tolerant to wilt, blight and powdery mildew. Recommended for north Gujarat and Sourashtra region of Gujarat. ^%'H) &  )  $  100 days and gives an average yield of 7.0q/ha with high essential oil content of 4.4%.

region of Gujarat. ^%'H) &  )  $  100 days and gives an average yield of 7.0q/ha with high essential oil content of 4.4%. Recommended for Gujarat and Rajasthan. ^%'O$& &   =;]  Fusarium wilt. ^%'*#  ) )  `Y

  H=U    %O8   )  of the country

04 Seed rate Cumin is propagated through seeds. The seed rate is about 10-12 kg/ha. The soil analysis report of the selected site and analytical report on irrigation water should be available especially with respect to heavy metals and pesticide residues contents.
The quantity, quality and type of soil amendments used for the selected site need to be recorded.

    !   \   !  !  performed need to be recorded. %   ){  !#) & (  manage certain soil borne disease, it is necessary to follow crop rotation involving different crops in some seasons. Some of the suggested cropping systems for cumin growing areas are: |}  '% |}  '%'  |X '%'> X | X '% The land should be well prepared for better germination of seeds and growth of plant.

g areas are: |}  '% |}  '%'  |X '%'> X | X '% The land should be well prepared for better germination of seeds and growth of plant. A H'O!   \       ) there should be good moisture in the soil for better germination of seed.
The spacing for the crop, in terms of row to row and plant to plant distance need to be adopted as per the agronomic requirement. ! !!      )  reasonable timeframe. Based on the soil analysis and crop requirement, organic manure preferred for the crop supplemented with mineral nutrition through inorganic source need to be applied. SOIL CONDITIONS/MANAGEMENT CROP MANAGEMENT FOR CULTIVATION Cropping System    

05 Application of mineral supplements must be based on complete soil analysis in a compe- tent laboratory. Specialized nutritional application for distinct needs viz., root production or enhance- ment of leaf bio mass need to be taken up as per the requirement of the crop. In order to optimize water usage and to reduce wastage of water, irrigation management plan need to be prepared for the crop. ~     !  & )  )   cropping season and to reduce the water usage. Records need to be maintained for irrigation schedules, fertilizer application and water requirement.

!  & )  )   cropping season and to reduce the water usage. Records need to be maintained for irrigation schedules, fertilizer application and water requirement. Depending on the nature and stage of the crop, inter-cultivation practices need to be adopted to reduce the incidence of weeds.
Comprehensive package of pest and disease management schedules including prophy- lactic measures required for the crop need to be adopted to minimize the crop loss and its quality. In order to reduce pesticide residue in produce, correct dose of pesticides, time of application and mode of application need to be ensured and recorded correctly. Use of bio control agents and bio pesticides is preferred and plans for this should be available. $^) ) €&  8^ Q_'H<th November. In order to protect the crop from seed borne diseases, the seeds are treated with TrichodermaY'H] &Y'Y_] /    inoculated with 10 g/kg AzotobacterQ<]! !   > to improve the health of the crop. Line sowing with 25 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant sowing is ideal.

 inoculated with 10 g/kg AzotobacterQ<]! !   > to improve the health of the crop. Line sowing with 25 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant sowing is ideal. The seed should not be sown deeper than 1.5 cm.

Treat the seed with PGPR bioformulation i.e.‚QOPseudomonas putidaƒ„ Q=Microbacterium paraoxidans   ()  Azospirillum or Azotobacter in combination with 5 t/ha sheep manure is suitable for organic produc- > ) X(Gigaspora calospora, Glomus fascicu- latum, Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis not only reduces the incidence of wilt but also enhances nutrient uptake.       

06 Cumin crop is severely affected with weed competition at all stages of crop growth because of slow growth and short stature of the crop. In rainfed crop, one or two weeding and hoeing should be done so that the moisture and nutrients available in the soil can be efficiently utilized by the crop. †XQ<] !_] €‚‡H<*Y<*Y<] Q_€) \!  H<[<}>Trichoderma!!Y_]    !!Q_<]  & )!)     gram/green gram, cluster bean/, green manuring with Sesbania aculeata, composting and application of biofertilizers can also enhance soil quality.

)!)     gram/green gram, cluster bean/, green manuring with Sesbania aculeata, composting and application of biofertilizers can also enhance soil quality. General recommendations to be followed are:

Use soil amendments like castor or mustard cake, poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha   ))!!_<<';<U    8}     †X(& !! ƒY'_<U8} through inorganic fertilizers gives higher seed yield and also improves the quality of seed along with improvement in soil health. Application of NAA @ 50 ppm / Triacon- tanol @ 1.0 mL/ L once at 40 days after sowing increases growth and yield of cumin. Depending upon soil and weather conditions of the growing area irrigation should be scheduled for cumin. If the crop is sown with pre-sowing irrigation, then the crops     ) #) & ( ! &  used and type of soil. Generally, cumin requires 4-6 irrigations. Sprinkler irrigation in  &  ) 

Drip irrigation/trickle irrigation/micro irrigation or localized irrigation also save water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the root zone, either onto the soil surface or directly into the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing and emitters. Reduction in water consumption due to drip method of irrigation over the surface method of irrigation varies from 30.0 to 70.0%.

root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing and emitters. Reduction in water consumption due to drip method of irrigation over the surface method of irrigation varies from 30.0 to 70.0%. Application of irrigation with low pressure drip system at a gap of 4-5 days for 40-45 min is appropriate for better growth of cumin. Inter cultural operations can be performed easily if crops are sown in lines and irrigated by these methods.     

07

In irrigated cumin, 2-3 weeding and hoeing operations are necessary to keep the crop free of weeds. The first weeding and hoeing operation is required at 35-40 DAS and  [<'[_}> )   ! '!!{ ‡Q„]„( ‡<;_Q<] ! '    !!{ ‡ 0.15 kg/ha can be done for keeping the crop weed free. Sufficient moisture should be present in the soil at the time of weedicide application. PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT   &   ! !! )   !!!  experts and to follow IPM strategies for sustainable production.      !       ! !         cropping season. Proper precautions should be taken while spraying chemicals to avoid contamina- tion beyond the application area.

      ! !         cropping season. Proper precautions should be taken while spraying chemicals to avoid contamina- tion beyond the application area.  !!       ) natural water bodies, drinking water sources, human dwellings etc. It is advisable to use protective clothing, face mask and gloves while preparing and applying pesticides. Plant protection chemicals must be stored in a dry, well ventilated facility with displayed information on hazardous chemicals inaccessible to children and unauthorized people.   ) )!      $  for repeated application of pesticides and advised not to mix pesticides. Spray should not be done during peak period of bee activity to protect bees. It is advised to spray pesticides in the afternoon hours avoiding strong windy condition and rains. &!  ]      Avoid eating, drinking, smoking or chewing while preparing spray solution and the containers, buckets etc used for mixing pesticides should not be used for domestic purpose. Select right kind of sprayer with appropriate nozzles for spraying. It is advised not to blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Left over spray solution and empty containers should not be disposed in ponds, water bodies etc.

er with appropriate nozzles for spraying. It is advised not to blow/clean clogged nozzle with mouth. Left over spray solution and empty containers should not be disposed in ponds, water bodies etc. Combustible containers can be burnt if the container labels permits burning. Containers made of paper, cardboard & plant materials can be disposed off by burning. Non combustible containers should be broken or deformed by punching holes at several places to prevent reuse.

08 Aphid is a major pest of cumin with heavy infestation occurring between the months of December to March and causing a loss of more than 50% of yield in unprotected crop. When the aphid infestation occurs at flowering and fruit stage, the fruits are not formed and even if they are formed, they are shriveled and of poor quality.  #      !   ! at the beginning of flowering than by a large number of aphids at the grain filling stage. Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii are the main aphids species reported from Rajasthan and Gujarat. Adults and nymphs suck the sap from plants and also produce honey dew secretion on which the sooty moulds develop resulting in failure of seed production.
Thrips is a major sucking pest in cumin. Usually they congregate at the leaf sheath or in the flowers. Aphids are attacked by number of parasitoids under field conditions.

lure of seed production.
Thrips is a major sucking pest in cumin. Usually they congregate at the leaf sheath or in the flowers. Aphids are attacked by number of parasitoids under field conditions. Aphid’s parasitoids Aphidius!!  )  X /  parasitoids are Sturmia inconspicuoides, Actia monticola and Euplectrus gopimohani.

Coccinellids consist of major predator found feeding on various sucking pests of seed spices. Major coccinellid found predating on seed spices crops are Coccinella septempunctata, Brumoides suturalis, Menochilus sesxmaculatus and Adonia sp. Predatory bird myna Acridotheres tristis)  !  Application of neem based commercial formulation like Neemarin at 1.0% and neem seed    {€>‚~_<U(   ! !!_<U It is an important disease of cumin with incidence ranging from 25.7- 60.0% in some cases. Losses in yield up to 25.0% have been reported from North Gujarat and up to 60% in Rajasthan. The disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini. Infected plants show peculiar symptoms of dropping of tips and leaves, leading to mortality of the entire plant. The disease occurs at all stages of crop. The diseased plants usually produce small, thin, shriveled seeds. The pathogen is internally seed borne as well as soil borne associated with diseased plant debris and infected soil with fungus. Pest management Aphids on cumin Aphids Thrips Management: Disease management Wilt

internally seed borne as well as soil borne associated with diseased plant debris and infected soil with fungus. Pest management Aphids on cumin Aphids Thrips Management: Disease management Wilt

09 The inoculum of the pathogen increases under continuous cultivation of cumin in the same   / !  &&    !   ! )   is heat tolerant. Under moist condition the lethal temperature range is 60-62°C and under dry conditions it is 62-65°C. The wilt disease is enhanced when Meloidogyne incognita attacks earlier than wilt pathogen. Efficient control of this disease is not possible by the use of chemicals. Cumin cultivars such as RZ-223 and GC-4 are tolerant to Fusarium wilt. Summer plough- ing, crop rotation of three years, use of healthy disease free seeds, seed treatment with suitable fungicides or bioagents are helpful for managing wilt of cumin. Rotation with non host crop like mustard, pearl millet reduced disease incidence Application of mustard cake and groundnut cake was found to reduce the disease. Application of castor cake and poultry manure before sowing reduces wilt. Trichoderma harzianum grown on sorghum grains and applied in soil 24 g/6m2 reduced wilt incidence. Seed treatment with thiram or captan @ 2.5-3.0 g/kg seed or carbendazim @ 2g/kg is a general practice to reduce the wilt disease incidence.  Management: Soil solarization

cidence. Seed treatment with thiram or captan @ 2.5-3.0 g/kg seed or carbendazim @ 2g/kg is a general practice to reduce the wilt disease incidence.  Management: Soil solarization

10

ƒ!!Trichodermaƒ†X_] ƒ!)   <Y_U[<}>    ) >!! & ! HY ]  ƒ > !!  Trichoderma viride @10 kg/ha was found effective and economic for the biocontrol management of wilt in cumin.
The blight is caused by a fungus Alternaria burnsii. Affected plants show minute brownish necrotic spots, which later turn to blackish. It is spread by seed, air and soil. Now, it is a common disease in all the cumin growing areas favored by humid and cloudy weather. In seed as well as in debris the pathogen remains viable for 10-12 months. Tempera-  YH'Y=‰%!   & ! %!  generally attacked by A. burnsii   )  /  !    )    disease develop tiny necrotic spots, which becomes blackish later on. Most of the diseased plants do not produce seeds and even if they produce seeds, the quality is  /       )! Alternaria blight Alternaria blight  

oduce seeds and even if they produce seeds, the quality is  /       )! Alternaria blight Alternaria blight  

11 Till date none of the available varieties show resistance to this disease. Crop rotation with non-host crops, deep ploughing and summer fallowing is effective in reducing the disease. This disease can be managed chemically by spray of 0.2% solution of mancozeb,   <QU>!   O Q< & starting from 40 days after sowing and treatment of diseased seeds. Spraying with !! <QU ƒ! <YU       and fetched higher yield. To reduce the pesticide residue of mancozeb, avoid two continuous sprays of manco- zeb and use alternate chemicals i.e ! (    '  ! Q*Q ƒ  Management:  This is caused by Erysiphe polygoni. The fungus is ectoparasite on aerial plant parts resulting in yield losses up to 50% under favorable weather conditions. Application of neem oil and garlic extract is also effective to reduce the disease. The disease !!  X  ) /   !  ) Y;'H_‰%/      !!   whitish spots on surface of leaves, petiole, stem pedicel and seeds in the early stages. Gradually seeds become white, shrivelled and light in weight.

     !!   whitish spots on surface of leaves, petiole, stem pedicel and seeds in the early stages. Gradually seeds become white, shrivelled and light in weight. The late sown crop under irrigated condition gets severely affected. The fungus perpetuates as dormant mycelium on the seed. Under severe disease situation total failure of the crop has been observed.  

12 Management:

Prevention of this disease can be done through dusting plants with 300 mesh sulphur dust @ 25 kg/ ha as soon as the symptoms are noticed. Single H<<  ! Y<'Y_]    ) Š  }!<QU( <QU( ! <<_U)   ! <YU   &    !  "  % ) )&   !    / &  )         ‹& & ! € )     )    !    nematodes Hoplolaimus spp and Tylenchorhynchus spp in coriander, fennel and nigella has also been reported Reddening Reddening of the plants is also seen as a new and emerging problem in all the cumin growing areas. This problem starts since early stage of the growth and continues up to maturity. Primary studies explain that this is a physiological and environmental problem in cumin.
Reddening in cumin " 

s since early stage of the growth and continues up to maturity. Primary studies explain that this is a physiological and environmental problem in cumin.
Reddening in cumin " 

13 Module for integrated management of cumin diseases S.No. Treatment Treatment details 1. Selection of variety Resistant variety against blight and wilt disease should be grown according to agro climatic zones 2. Selection of seeds Use certified seeds. If certified seeds are not available then use own seed and treat them 3. Use of weedicide Spray of Oxadiargyl 23.5% (Raft) @ 50g a.i/ha or 833ml/ha on moist soil surface (pre-emergence) after sowing to reduce the weeds which served as alternative and collateral hosts of several pathogens. 4. Practices to minimize the soil borne inoculums of different pathogens a) Burning of crop debris
b) Summer ploughing
c) Adopt 2-3 years crop rotation with resistant/non- host crop. d) Adopt optimum seed rate, depth of sowing, row spacing, plant to plant distance, fungicides dosage and irrigation time and numbers. 5. Protective step to prevent the infection. a) First spray schedule start at 35 DAS with difenoconazole 0.25EC @ 0.05% followed by second spray at 45 DAS b) Preventive spray with Dimethoate 0.1% for aphid infestation c) Third spray starts after 55 DAS with propiconazole 0.1% for control of blight and powdery mildew infection.
f) If the environmental conditions are favorable for disease, then the third spray will be repeated.

rts after 55 DAS with propiconazole 0.1% for control of blight and powdery mildew infection.
f) If the environmental conditions are favorable for disease, then the third spray will be repeated.
Harvest the crop at proper maturity and thresh it carefully. g) Proper drying of seeds 8-9% seed moisture and then store it.

14 #&     )  \& !   set for the end product rather than the total vegetative yield. Clear instruction should be available for farm worker to use proper cutting devices and avoid harvest of unwanted plants. A documented procedure should exist for cleaning containers and avoiding mixed up and contamination of produce.
Washing and cleaning methods need to be ensured for the freshly harvested materials to ensure removal of soil particles adhering to the materials. Processing area must be clean with a proper platform and shade. Proper drying techniques need to be adopted for drying and storage of harvested crop produce. Drying procedure and the temperature employed should be in conformity with the quality needs of the farm produce. Sorting procedure need to be carried out after the completion of drying phase and before the material is packed. Selection of packaging material must be based on the quality requirements and possible length of storage before consumption/processing and need to be kept clean, dry and undamaged. Storage area must be kept clean and free from insect pests.

d on the quality requirements and possible length of storage before consumption/processing and need to be kept clean, dry and undamaged. Storage area must be kept clean and free from insect pests. Proper separation need to be implemented to keep different products of the crop separately. %! QQ<'QY<  “      ='QY]  !& &     HARVEST AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT #$ % |/         |/          |“ &&  ()  \  !  |        |> !!!   &  |>  !  |> !  Post-harvest management

15 /  !      )  ! (   of harvest and the name of farmer/farming agency.
If the produce was tested before, an appropriate label may be used indicating quality approval. / !           &     )    ) ‚   !      ) ]! &  familiar with all aspects related to the crop such as, quality requirements of the end product, crop husbandry etc.

‚   !      ) ]! &  familiar with all aspects related to the crop such as, quality requirements of the end product, crop husbandry etc. The personnel engaged in cultivation should have basic exposure to subject matters like safety and hygiene. The machinery used for fertilizer and pesticide application must be calibrated at !       ]     Equipments must be clean and mounted wherever applicable, in an easily accessible manner. Scheduled servicing procedures must be adhered to keep them in working order. Additional care should be taken for cleaning those machine parts that get into direct contact with the harvested produce. Workers need to be equipped with suitable protective clothing. Complete sets of ! &   (     ( ) !  ( ! &  & (  & ( ( )    \   authorized by a competent authority need to be complied. IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT $ %&

)    \   authorized by a competent authority need to be complied. IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT $ %&

16 All workers handling and/or administering plant protection chemicals, disinfect- ants, biocides or other hazardous substances and all workers operating dangerous ! { \!   &    !    Permanent and legible signs indicating potential hazards, e.g. waste pits, fuel tanks, workshops, access doors of the plant protection product / fertiliser / any other chemical storage facilities as well as the treated crop etc. must be made available. '%% ( (!  % $ Mancozeb Captan Wettable sulphur Carbendazim Zineb Copper oxychloride Thiram Propiconazole % ƒ! Tridemorph Dinocap Difenoconazole { {     Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Slightly toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Moderately toxic Inputs storage shed